What happens to orders if I delete the Custom Status associated with it?

Either the Orders will revert to No Status, or to another Custom Status of your choice.
For the second option, you have to go to Apps → Custom Order Status → Status. Pick the Status you want to delete and click on the Edit icon. Once you enable the Fallback Settings, you can select the Fallback Status, which is a custom status which has already been created. If Fallback settings are not set, then the status will be reset to none for all the associated orders